Specialist LCD/OLED Supplier

1. Structure of TFT-LCD

1.1 TFT-LCD Structure Function

(1) Backlight Plate Module: Provides the source of light;
(2) Above and Below Polarizing Plate, TFT Glass Substrate, Liquid Crystal: Forming polarized light, controlling the passage of light;
(3) Color Filter: Provide TFT LCD red, green, and blue (the three primary colors of light) source;
(4) ITO Transparent Conductive Layer: Provides a transparent conductive path;
(5) Photo Spacer: Provide a fixed height for color filters and TFT Glass Substrate. As a space for filling the liquid crystal. And as the above and below Glass support.

1.2 TFT-LCD Side view of the structure

2. TFT-LCD Display Principle

 
2.1  Backlight of liquid crystal 
Backlight is the light source of the display. There are two common types of LCD backlight: CCFL backlight and LED backlight 

CCFL
Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp, CCFL in short, characterized by high power, high brightness, and low energy consumption, is widely used in monitor, lighting, and other fields.



LED Backlight
Compared with CCFL, LED has the advantages of low power consumption, uniform light source, long life, and small size, the price will be a little more expensive, but now the most of tablet display used TFT-lCD seems to be LED backlight.

2.2 Liquid Crystal Introduction 

2.2.1 The shape of liquid crystal 
TFT-LCD uses TN (Twist Nematic) liquid crystal with elliptical molecules.



2.2.2 The characteristics of liquid crystal 
TN liquid crystals are usually connected in series along the direction of the long axis, and the long axes are arranged parallel to each other. When crystal molecules touched the socket, they are arranged in the direction of the tank.




2.2.3 Liquid crystal vertical distribution 
When the liquid crystal is contained in the middle of two grooves, and the grooves are perpendicular to each other, the arrangement of liquid crystal molecules is: 
Upper surface molecules: along the direction A.
Lower surface molecules: along the direction B. 
Molecules between the above and below surfaces will cause the effect of rotation. So liquid crystal molecules rotate 90 degrees between the two grooves.




2.2.4 Light and liquid crystal molecules cause a deflection effect


2.2.5 The Liquid Crystal Is Evenly Spread Under The Voltage 
When a voltage is applied between the above and below surfaces, liquid crystal molecules line up in the direction of the electric field, forming an upright alignment.  At this time, the incident light is not affected by liquid crystal molecules, straight out of the above surface.




2.2.6 Characteristics Of Polarizing Plate 
Functions: Filters the unpolarized light (common light) into a polarization of light. When the unpolarized light passes through a polarized plate in the direction, the light is filtered into a linear biased aurora parallel to the A direction. 
Above image: The linear polarization of light continues as light passes through the second polarizing plate. 
Below image: Passing through the second patch, the light is completely blocked.






The optical effect generated by the combination of the polarizer, trough surface, and liquid crystal is shown in the figure below 

When the above and below polarizers are perpendicular to each other, if no voltage is applied, the light can pass through



 When a voltage is applied, the light is completely blocked



When an electric current passes through the transistor, the electric field changes, causing the liquid crystal molecules to deflect, so as to change the polarity of the light, and then use the polarizer to control the light and dark state of the Pixel. This allows you to control the brightness of the light, and if you want to display color, we'll talk about color filters later.

3. Color Filter Principle 

3.1 C/F structure 
You can see these squares if you look at the previous low-pixel display. For an easy way, put a drop of water on the monitor and you can see red, green, blue, and three color dots.


3.2 The current arrangement of C/ F Pixel Array

As shown in the following figure are Mosaic, straight bar, triangular form, and four picture elements.



3.3 Display of Different Colors

When we want to show the corresponding color, just control the corresponding pixel electrode. As shown in the figure below.



C/F color cells, corresponding to the control unit of TFT, can control pixel color. TFT Array The equivalent circuit is shown below,


 

4. Principle of TFT-LCD Imaging

We have explained the theory of liquid crystal light transmittance, the theory of polarizing light transmittance, and the working theory of color filter, which can be considered as a pixel control unit, and then we will sort out the overall display theory of TFT-LCD.

SCAN IC transmission signal
Complete the image signal input

DRIVER IC transmission imaging control signal
Complete the TFT unit control

When a Sub-Pixel is on, the Sub-Pixel is black because it cannot penetrate the light
This part completes whether the pixels are bright or dark.

If the Sub-Pixel is not turned on, the color is displayed because the light passes through the CF. After the synthesis effect of light, the display can engender a color effect. As shown in the figure below,




Now look back to if the structure diagram is clear, the light source first turns the natural light into polarized light through the polarizer
---> TFT subpixels unit controls whether the liquid crystal unit guides light and color
--->displays the color image through the front polarizer. 
In fact, the image is the light of different colors, and the light we see is actually the polarized light.




This picture seems to be more clearly described as follows,